Cited By :2; Export Date: 23 February 2015; Correspondence Address: Heaslip, G.; Department of Management, School of Business, North Campus, NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; email: graham.heaslip@nuim.ie; References: Astin, A.W., (1975) Preventing Students from Dropping Out, , San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; Astin, A.W., Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education (1984) Journal of College Student Personnel, 25 (4), pp. 297-307; Bannan-Ritland, B., Computer-mediated communication, eLearning, and interactivity: A review of the research (2002) Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 3 (2), pp. 161-179; Beekes, W., The 'Millionaire' method for encouraging participation (2006) Active Learning in Higher Education, 7 (1), pp. 25-36; Bergtrom, G., Clicker sets as learning objects (2006) Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 2. , http://www.ijello.org/Volume2/v2p105-110Bergtrom.pdf, Available at, (2010, accessed 9 May 2010); Bippus, A.M., Young, S.L., What behaviours reflect involvement in a course? Students' perceptions and differences between high and low communication apprehensive (2000) Communication Research Reports, 17 (2), pp. 310-319; Caldwell, J.E., Clickers in the large classroom: Current research and best-practice tips (2007) CBE-Life Sciences Education, 6 (1), pp. 9-20; Chou, C., Interactivity and interactive functions in web-based learning systems: A technical framework for designers (2003) British Journal of Education Technology, 34 (3), pp. 265-279; (2008) The Cooperative Institutional Research Program Freshman Survey, , http://www.heri.ucla.edu/PDFs/HERI-CIRP_Portfolio.pdf, CIRP and HERI, Available at, (2010, accessed 27 July 2010); Cullen, J.G., The writing skills course as an introduction to critical practice for larger business undergraduate classes (2011) International Journal of Management Education, 9 (4), pp. 25-38; Cutler, A., Creeping passivity (2007) Journal of College Science Teaching, 36, pp. 6-7; Dancer, D., Kamvounias, P., Student involvement in assessment: A project designed to assess class participation fairly and reliably (2005) Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30 (4), pp. 445-454; Davis, F., Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology (1989) MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), pp. 319-340; Davis, F., Bagozzi, R.P., Warshaw, P.R., User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models (1989) Management Science, 35 (8), pp. 982-1003; Davis, S., Observations in classrooms using a network of handheld devices (2003) Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19 (3), pp. 298-330; Draper, S.W., Brown, M.I., Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system (2004) Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20 (2), pp. 81-94; Elliott, C., Using a personal response system in economics teaching (2003) International Review of Economics Education, 1 (1), pp. 80-86; Flanagan, J.C., The critical incident technique (1954) Psychological Bulletin, 51 (4), pp. 327-359; Flynn, S., Points race back as CAO offers show rise in early standards (2010) The Irish Times, p. 1; Graham, C.R., Tripp, T.R., Seawright, L., Empowering or compelling reluctant participators using Audience Response Systems (2007) Active Learning in Higher Education, 8 (3), pp. 233-258; Judson, E., Sawada, D., Learning from the past and present: Electronic response systems in college lecture halls (2002) Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 21 (2), pp. 167-181; Kay, R.H., LeSage, A., Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response system: A review of the literature (2009) Computers & Education, 53 (3), pp. 819-827; Keough, S.M., Clickers in the classroom: A review and a replication (2012) Journal of Management Education, 36 (6), pp. 822-847; Kuh, G.D., Assessing what really matters to student learning: Inside the National Survey of Student Engagement (2001) Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 33 (3), pp. 10-17; Latessa, R., Mouw, D., Use of audience response system to augment interactive learning (2005) Family Medicine, 37 (1), pp. 12-14; (2002) From promise to progress: How colleges and universities are using student engagement results to improve collegiate quality, , National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), Annual Report, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, December; Nunnally, J., (1978) Psychometric Theory, , New York: McGraw-Hill; Preszler, R.W., Dawe, A., Shuster, C.B., Assessment of the effects of student response systems on student learning and attitudes over a broad range of biology courses (2007) CBE-Life Sciences Education, 6 (1), pp. 29-41; Roblyer, M.D., Wiencke, W.R., Design and use of a rubric to assess and encourage interactive qualities in distance courses (2003) American Journal of Distance Education, 17 (2), pp. 77-98; Rocca, K.A., Student participation in the college classroom: An extended multidisciplinary literature review (2010) Communication Education, 59 (2), pp. 185-213; Roschelle, J., Penuel, W.R., Abrahamson, L., The networked classroom (2004) Educational Leadership, 61 (5), pp. 50-54; Salemi, M.K., Clickenomics: Using a classroom response system to increase student engagement in a large-enrollment principles of economics course (2009) Journal of Economic Education, 40 (4), pp. 385-404; Siau, K., Sheng, H., Nah, F., Use of a classroom response system to enhance classroom interactivity (2006) IEEE Transactions on Education, 49 (3), pp. 398-403; Simpson, V., Oliver, M., Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice (2007) Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23 (2), pp. 187-208; Sims, R., Promises of interactivity: Aligning learner perceptions and expectations with strategies for flexible and online learning (2003) Distance Education, 24 (1), pp. 87-103; Stuart, S.A., Brown, M.J., Draper, S.W., Using an electronic voting system in logic lectures: One practitioner's application (2004) Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20 (2), pp. 95-102; Usher, A., Cervenan, (2005), Toronto, ON, Canada: Educational Policy InstituteWentling, T.L., Park, J., Peiper, C., Learning gains associated with annotation and communication software designed for large undergraduate classes (2007) Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23 (1), pp. 36-46; Wolf-Wendel, L., Ward, K., Kinzie, J., A tangled web of terms: The overlap and unique contribution of involvement, engagement, and integration to understanding college student success (2009) Journal of College Student Development, 50 (4), pp. 407-428; Zepke, N., Leach, L., Improving student engagement: Ten proposals for action (2010) Active Learning in Higher Education, 11 (3), pp. 167-177